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The purpose of this study was to identify career preparation activities among nursing students.
The study was designed as a descriptive study. Typically, 353 nursing students in the second and third year of the program who were living in D city were included in the study.
There were statistically significant differences in career preparation activities with respect to self-reported career aptitude, satisfaction with the nursing school, university life satisfaction, and motivation to study nursing. The variables that affected the students’ career preparation activities were identified as career satisfaction and career search efficacy.
Based on the outcomes of the present study, it is considered necessary to develop customized programs to identify the obstacles confronted by students in the process of career preparation activities and ways to overcome them.
The competition rate of four-year college nursing schools is 10.4:1 on an average and ranks eighth among all four-year colleges in Korea. A full-time employment rate of 91.9% has been reported for nursing schools with the first rank amongst all four-year colleges and 89.5% has been reported for vocational colleges [
Korean nursing students tend not to think deeply about their careers because they have already committed to nursing as a career by enrolling in nursing school [
As the high turnover rate of nurses has become a social issue, a number of related studies have been carried out. Researchers reported their findings on major aspects of career preparation such as career satisfaction, career search efficacy, the nursing professional perspective, and career identity [
Undergraduates in the Chungcheong area were enrolled as the study subjects. Initially, 370 subjects were selected based on their understanding of the contents of the questionnaire and agreement to participate voluntarily. Inappropriate responders were excluded, resulting in a final total of 353 subjects (95%). Based on G*Power statistical software and the t-test standard, 120 was the suggested sample size to maintain the significance level (0.05), effect size (0.25), and statistical power (0.8).
Satisfaction with nursing as a major was measured with 19 items rated on a five-point Likert scale that was revised from a program evaluation survey questionnaire developed by Illinois college. Higher scores reflected greater satisfaction with nursing and the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.890.
Career search efficacy was measured using 20 five-point Likert-scale items that were revised from the career search efficacy scale developed by Solberg
How the students valued the nursing profession was measured with 25 items rated on a five-point Likert scale developed by Yeun
The students’ career preparation activities were measured using 14 items, also rated on a five-point Likert scale, that were revised from tools developed by Kim [
For general characteristics, occurrence and percentage were measured using descriptive statistics, while the multiple regression was used to investigate the factors related to nursing students’ career preparation activities. For the result of the two-sided test and ANOVA & Scheffe’s test, p<0.05 was set as statistically significant. SPSS ver. 22.0 was used.
The self-rated questionnaire was distributed only to the subjects who listened to the explanation of the need for research and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. In addition, the students were explained that their responses could be interrupted even in the middle of the survey.
Amongst the students who completed the questionnaires, 90.1%, were female and their median age was 21.05 (±3.38) years. Based on the school year, 39.9% were in the first year, 30.6% were in the second year, and 29.5% were in the third year. More than half of the students (58.1%) answered that nursing was suitable for their aptitude, 56.1% were satisfied with the nursing course, and 31.7% were satisfied with their school. Majority of the students provided a positive answer rather than negative or neutral response.
The students’ biggest worries were about employment (41.6%), personal finance (26.3%), and aptitude (17.0%). Their motives for applying to the nursing school were aptitude (37.1%), employment (30.6%), a recommendation from an acquaintance (25.2%), and individual grade records (3.7%). Most of the respondents (89%) answered yes to the question of whether they wanted to continue working as nurses after graduation, and they wanted to work as nurses for 6.75 years.
Gender differences (t=-.551, p=.585), age (t=0.776, p=.466), grade (t=1.261, p=.285), religion (t=0.124, p=.946), current difficulties (F=1.068, p=.378), or willingness to continue working as a nurse (t=1.294, p=.196) had no influence on the career preparation activities. On the contrary, statistically significant differences were observed in aptitude for nursing, satisfaction with nursing, satisfaction with college, relevant qualifications, and motivation for applying to be a nurse. The results indicated that students who answered that their aptitude for nursing was suitably engaged in more career preparation activities compared to students who answered that they were not fit or did not have a nursing inclination, and a similar pattern was observed in case of students who answered that they were satisfied with their nursing major and university. In addition, students who were motivated by their aptitude for nursing reported more career preparation activities compared to students who chose nursing for other reasons (Table
Mean(S.D) | |||||||
Sex | Male | 35(9.9) | 2.86(0.72) | -0.551 | 0.585 | ||
Female | 318(90.1) | 2.92(0.54) | |||||
Age | 18-20 | 205(58.1) | 2.89(0.55) | 0.776 | 0.466 | ||
(years) | 21-25 | 120(34.0) | 2.93(0.56) | ||||
26-51 | 28(7.9) | 3.03(0.66) | |||||
Mean(S.D) | 21.05(3.38) | ||||||
Year | Freshman | 141(39.9) | 2.92(0.56) | 1.261 | 0.285 | ||
Sophomore | 108(30.6) | 2.86(0.54) | |||||
Junior | 10(29.5) | 2.98(0.60) | |||||
Religion | NoneA | 187(53.0) | 2.91(0.58) | 0.124 | 0.946 | ||
ChristianityB | 104(29.5) | 2.93(0.56) | |||||
CatholicismC | 37(10.5) | 2.96(0.56) | |||||
BuddhismD | 25(7.1) | 2.88(0.47) | |||||
Aptitude for nursing | InconsistentA | 24(6.8) | 2.52(0.59) | 14.282 | <.001 | A<C** | |
IndifferentB | 124(35.1) | 2.80(0.55) | B<C** | ||||
ConsistentC | 205(58.1) | 3.04(0.54) | |||||
Satisfaction with nursing | UnsatisfactoryA | 37(10.5) | 2.62(0.60) | 12.793 | <.001 | A<C** | |
So-soB | 118(33.4) | 2.81(0.53) | B<C** | ||||
SatisfactoryC | 198(56.1) | 3.04(0.55) | |||||
Current | Aptitude related | 60(17.0) | 2.77(0.59) | 1.068 | 0.378 | ||
Difficulties | Economic state | 93(26.3) | 2.97(0.52) | ||||
Disease in family | 6(1.7) | 2.88(0.71) | |||||
The difference of opinion with parents | 4(1.1) | 3.05(0.70) | |||||
Career related | 147(41.6) | 2.94(0.56) | |||||
Other | 43(12.2) | 2.92(0.62) | |||||
Satisfaction with university | UnsatisfactoryA | 80(22.7) | 2.75(0.55) | 8.612 | <.001 | A<C** | |
So-soB | 161(45.6) | 2.89(0.52) | B<C“ | ||||
SatisfactoryC | 112(31.7) | 3.09(0.59) | |||||
Certification | Yes | 57(16.1) | 3.14(0.52) | 3.24 | 0.001 | ||
None | 296(83.9) | 2.88(0.56) | |||||
Reason for studying nursing | Consistent with aptitudeA | 131(37.1) | 3.07(0.56) | 4.495 | 0.001 | A>B* | |
Recommendation from othersB | 89(25.2) | 2.82(0.53) | A>C* | ||||
For employmentC | 108(30.6) | 2.85(0.52) | A>D* | ||||
Based on SAT scoreD | 13(3.7) | 2.60(0.66) | |||||
OtherE | 12(3.4) | 2.98(0.84) | |||||
Intention to continue working as a nurse | Yes | 314(89.0) | 2.93(0.56) | 1.294 | 0.196 | ||
No | 39(11.0) | 2.81(0.58) | |||||
Planned length of time to continue working as a nurse | Mean(S.D) | 6.75(7.35) |
PNV(Professional Nursing Value), CPA(Career Preparation Activities), CSE(Career Search Efficacy), SNM(Satisfaction with the Nursing Major)
The nursing students' career preparation activities averaged 2.92 (±0.56) out of 5; the value of the nursing profession averaged 3.87 (±0.43), average career satisfaction was 3.76, and average career search efficacy was 3.41 (±0.49). Professional value and career satisfaction were positively over three neutral points, whereas career preparation activities were slightly below three points. Career search efficacy was higher than the career preparation activities by more than three points, signifying that although students were not preparing for their careers, they were confident in their searching. Some students had strong negative responses for professional value, career search efficacy, and career satisfaction, which were negative in skewness. However, some students had strong positive responses for career preparation activities, which was positive in skewness. The results showed great symmetry because the absolute value was not high. The kurtosis was flat at 3 or less, and the differences between students were not large (Table
PNV | 3.87 | 0.43 | -0.44 | 1.248 | 2.5 | 4.96 |
CPA | 2.92 | 0.56 | 0.047 | 0.178 | 1.07 | 4.57 |
CSE | 3.41 | 0.49 | -0.174 | 0.683 | 1.3 | 5 |
SNM | 3.76 | 0.43 | -0.034 | -0.421 | 2.58 | 5 |
The variables that affected career preparation activities were career search efficacy and career satisfaction; these two explained 21.2% of career preparation activities. The model was significant and the Durbin-Watson result was 1.997, indicating no autocorrelation (Table
The subjects of this study included 90.1% female and 10% male students, and their proportions reflected the characteristics of nursing schools in Korea; the students were evenly distributed across all three school years. The students’ career satisfaction was 3.76 out of 5, slightly higher than the values reported by Jung
In contrast, students in this study rated their career preparation activities as 2.92 points out of 5, contrary to 2.51 reported by Jang [
The general characteristics of the subjects that influenced their career preparation activities were an aptitude for nursing, satisfaction with nursing, satisfaction with college, possessing related qualifications, the motivation for nursing, and support, and significant differences were observed in career preparation activities. In contrast, gender, age, grade, and religion did not significantly affect career preparation activities in this study. Jirwe and Rudman [
In foreign countries, the importance of the career decision is recognized from childhood, and a variety of job opportunities are available. Korea is attempting to make a positive change that will provide students with opportunities to explore their careers and find their aptitude by running a free school system beginning in middle school. These opportunities are desirable as they will allow students to pursue specific career paths through universities. In previous studies in Korea, Go & Kim [
The most significant influence on the nursing students’ influencing career preparation activities was career satisfaction. A study by Park [
– | ||||||
(Constant) | 2.559 | 0.011 | 0.197 | 1.52 | ||
Professional Nursing Value | -0.084 | -1.184 | 0.238 | -0.241 | 0.06 | |
Career Search Efficacy | 0.274 | 3.514 | 0.001 | 0.143 | 0.507 | |
Satisfaction with Nursing Major | 0.266 | 3.248 | 0.001 | 0.134 | 0.548 | |
Reason for studying nursing† | Recommendation from others | -0.01 | -0.154 | 0.878 | -0.146 | 0.125 |
Based on SAT score | -0.067 | -1.042 | 0.299 | -0.426 | 0.131 | |
F=10.988 p<0.001, R2=0.212, Durbin-Watson=1.997 | – | – |
If high school is an important phase of life to choose a field that suits one’s aptitude, then college is the real time to design one’s life and prepare for that field as a career and a profession. Therefore, prior to graduation, it is necessary to guide nursing students in preparing roadmaps for their future career paths and view their careers from a long-term perspective. Park [
The present study is a descriptive correlation study on the effects of college nursing students' career satisfaction, career search efficacy, and nursing professional perspective on the students’ career preparation activities. Data were collected from 505 nursing students using structured questionnaires from 19th to 26th November 2015.
The study results are summarized as follows: There were statistically significant differences in career preparation activities based on self-reported career aptitude, satisfaction with nursing school, university life satisfaction, and motivation to study nursing. The variables that affected the students’ career preparation activities were found to be career satisfaction and career search efficacy. Based on the results of this study, the following suggestions are made.
Firstly, because the motivation to choose nursing and satisfaction with the nursing school were found to be the factors that affected career preparation activities, it is necessary that middle and high school education policies should introduce nursing with reference to career search programs that will suit the aptitude and interest of students.
Secondly, because nursing students' career satisfaction, professional perspective, and career search efficacy were above the average, and career satisfaction and career search efficacy were significant explanatory variables in career preparation activities, it is necessary to develop customized programs to identify the obstacles confronted by students in career preparation activities and strategies to overcome them.
Not applicable.
No animals/humans were used for studies that are the basis of this research.
Informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to data collection.
The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this research are available within the article and its supplementary materials.
None.
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
Declared none.