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Survey of Usutu Virus Potential Vectors and their Diversity in Iran: A Neglected Emerging Arbovirus
Abstract
Introduction:
Usutu Virus (USUV) is a vector-borne flavivirus within the family of Flaviviridae; its reservoirs and vectors are birds and mosquitoes, respectively.
Methods:
At first, electronic databases were searched with a date range from 2000 to 2018 to find the Culex species that transmit the disease and then for determining the diversity of those, mosquito larvae were collected from six places in three main environmental categories using the dipping technique.
Results:
In total, 1369 specimens belonging to 10 different species were collected and identified, as follows: Cx. hortensis Ficalbi, Cx. laticinctus Edwards, Cx. mimeticus Noe, Cx. perxigus Theobald, Cx. pipiens Linnaeus, Cx. modestus Ficalbi, Cx. sinaiticus Kirkpatrick, Cx. theileri Theobald Cx. torrentium Martini and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles. Four species involved as vectors of USUV in other countries are printed in bold. Cx.pipiens, as the main vector was the most frequent species in rural areas, share its larval habitats with Cx. torrentium (similarity > 0.9) and reached its peak in August. Overall, in the present study, there was a significant positive relationship between mean temperatures and abundance of mosquitoes (r = 0.75, P = 0.005).
Conclusion:
In the present study, some species involved as main vectors of USUV in other countries and their ecological features were recorded. Based on these results, the possibility of the emergence of USUV in Iran exists.
1. INTRODUCTION
Usutu Virus (USUV) is a culicid-borne flavivirus within the family of Flaviviridae; its reservoirs and vectors are birds and Culex mosquitoes, respectively [1]. Circulation and antigenic features of USUV is similar to West Nile Virus (WNV), since its identification in 1959 in Ndumu, South Africa, this culicid-borne virus has spread in Africa and Europe, reaching Austria in 2001 and countries of the Poland and Switzerland by 2006 [1, 2]. The virus has recently been identified in mosquitoes in northern Israel. [3]. USUV infection in human cases was reported in European countries [4]. Some migratory infected bird species such as; Passer domesticus (house sparrows), Gallus gallus, and Turdus merula (the common blackbird) are responsible for the dissemination of USUV from Europe to other countries [5]. USUV had been detected in some culicid species from different parts of the world (i.e. Culex pipiens and Cx. perexigus in Israel and Spain, Cx. torrentium in Germany, and Ae. albopictus in Israel), Cx. pipiens and Cx. neavei are considered as the main vectors for this virus [3, 6-8]. These reservoirs and vectors have been reported from Iran [9, 10]. Co- transmission of USUV and WNV was reported in different countries, because of some bird/mosquito species are potential reservoirs/vectors for both viruses [5]. Sero-survey of WNV in the equine populations in Iran indicated the circulation of the virus in southwestern provinces [11]. Common coot (Fulica atra) was reported as a competent host for WNV in Iran [12]. As Iran experiences regional climate change, mosquitoes are possible to flourish better through expected conditions. Mosquito vectors are ectothermic and are thus specifically susceptible to climatic factors. Survival, behavior, and reproduction of vectors are affected by weather conditions and it can strongly affect pathogen development within vectors and also influence the availability of breeding sites for culicid vectors, because of their immature aquatic stages [13]. Therefore, the study on the dynamic of mosquitoes and surveillance for probable importation of vector-borne disease is essential.
Some culicid-borne viruses comprise the WNV‚ Sindbis virus‚ and the Dengue virus have been reported from Iran [14, 15]. According to a report from WHO, the risk of Japanese encephalitis and Rift Valley fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, comprising Iran, is remarkable [16]. Before USUV arrives in Iran, we should build upon information on the diversity of common mosquito’s species. For this reason, the present study aims to gather baseline data on species richness and diversity of potential vectors of USUV in Iran.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Search Strategy
Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI), the Chinese Biological Medical Literature database (CBM), were searched with a date range from 2000 to 2018 to find the vector species that transmits the disease using the free combinations of the terms “Usutu virus,” “Mosquitoes,” and “Culex”.
2.2. Study Area
To develop the study, six sites were selected in the different areas [Urban Areas (UA), Rural Areas (RA) and uninhabited area (UNA)] of the north of Bushehr province (50° 31' 1E, 29° 34' 45N), in the Southwest of Iran. Two sites for each of these areas were selected. During this period of study (January – December 2017), maximum and minimum temperatures were 48 ˚C and 1˚C in July and February, respectively. The distance between urban and rural areas, uninhabited and rural areas and between urban and uninhabited areas were 30,17, and 12 km, respectively.
2.3. Sampling Methods and Taxonomic Identification
To study the ecology of mosquitoes, sampling was carried out by dipping technique with a metal dipper for collecting larvae. Four dips were taken from each breeding site (350 ml each). Larval investigation was conducted two times a month during the study period.
All samples were brought to the laboratory of the Entomology department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The mosquito larvae were preserved in 75% ethanol and the microscopic slides were prepared using the chloral gum mounting. The microscope was used for the taxonomic study and identification, up to the species level using taxonomic keys available in the literature [17].
2.4. Biodiversity and Statistical Analysis
Diversity studies (alpha diversity) were conducted separately for each category (rural, urban and uninhabited areas) by calculating classic diversity indexes like Margalef’s (S-1) / lnN [S= total number of species and N= total number of individuals) and Simpson’s indexes (λ =1-Σpi2, where pi = ni/N [ni is the number of individuals of taxon i]) [18]. Dominance = 1-Simpson index. Ranges from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community completely). Shannon diversity index (H’ = -[Σ(pi lnpi)]) is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community, accounting for both abundance and evenness of the species present [9, 18]. The equitability index measures the evenness with which individuals are divided among the taxa present.
Jaccard’s and Whittaker indices were used to illustrate similarity and dissimilarity [18]. Data were analyzed using PAST software version 3.14 (Paleontological Statistics Software Package). Non -parametric tests were used to evaluate differences in species abundances and weather-related variables between months.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Monthly Abundance
A total of 1369 specimens belonging to 10 different mosquito species were collected and identified. Viz.; Cx. hortensis Ficalbi, Cx. laticinctus Edwards, Cx. mimeticus Noe, Cx. perexiguus Theobald, Cx. pipiens Linnaeus, Cx. modestus Ficalbi, Cx. sinaiticus Kirkpatrick, Cx. theileri Theobald Cx. torrentium Martini, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles. Four species involved as vectors of USUV in other countries are printed in bold. Culex theileri (28.0%), Cx. pipiens (26.1%), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (23.1%) were predominated, respectively. The greatest number of mosquitoes were collected from RA (723 specimens) and the lowest in the UA (209 specimens), Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium were more frequent in RA, while Cx. hortensis was only caught in UNA and Cx.perexigus was more frequent in UNA (Fig. 1). The greatest number of mosquitoes were collected in August (379) and September (370 specimens). Culex pipiens, Cx. torrentium,and Cx. hortensis were more active in Aguste, while Cx. perexigus was in October (Fig. 2). Depending on the month, the difference was not significant in mosquito abundances according to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.44). Analysis with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests showed that the difference between environments (UA, RA, and UNA) and abundance of mosquitoes was not significant (P = 0.33). Overall, in the present study, there was a significant positive relationship between mean temperatures and abundance of mosquitoes (r = 0.75, P = 0.005). In contrast, abundance of mosquitoes decreased with increasing precipitation (r = - 0.42, P = 0.16).
Among the four species mentioned above, Cx. torrentium and Cx. hortensis prefers mostly permanent water resources without vegetation.
3.2. Mosquito Species Diversity
Greater species richness was found in RA (M=1/21), while UA has the lowest (M=0.93) (Table 1). The average diversity indices for the three environment types ranged from 1.50 to 1.64 for the Shannon index and from 0.730 to 0.738 for the Simpson index. Shannon index was highest in UNA and lowest in UA. While Simpson index in UA was highest (Table 1). The T-test showed no statistically significant difference between the Shannon index (t=1.17, p=0.24) and Simpson index (t=0.39, p=0.69) in RA and UA. Similarly, there was also no statistically significant difference between the Shannon index (t=-1.36, p=0.17) and Simpson index (t=0.20, p=0.83) in RA and UNA. But, there was a significant difference between the Shannon index in UNA and UA (t=-2.26, p=0.024). However, the difference between the Simpson index was not significant in these areas (t=-0.15, p=0.87). Greater evenness was observed in UA because the most dominant species do not show such a strong influence as in the two other environments. Where, Cx. theileri in UNA and Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in RA were dominant and showed a strong influence.
The analysis of β biodiversity shows that RA and UNA are the closest categories in their specific composition (Whittaker index= 0.17), while UNA and UA are the farthest categories (Whittaker index= 0.28). Culex pipiens and Cx. torrentium share their larval habitatswith each other and similarity was more than 0.9 according to the Jaccard’s index, while Cx. hortensis had little similarity to other species.
| UNA | UA | RA | - |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | 6 | 9 | Taxa |
| 437 | 209 | 723 | Individuals |
| 0.265 | 0.261 | 0.269 | Dominance |
| 1.64 | 1.50 | 1.56 | Shannon index (H’) |
| 0.734 | 0.738 | 0.730 | Simpson index (λ) |
| 1.15 | 0.93 | 1.26 | Margalef index (M) |
| 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.71 | Equitability |
4. DISCUSSION
In the present investigation, 10 species of mosquitoes were identified. Among them, four species (Cx. pipiens, Cx. hortensis, Cx. torrentium, Cx.perexigus) involved as vectors of USUV in other countries [3, 6-8, 19].
Culex pipiens have two biotypes: the molestus and the pipiens, these two biotypes are morphologically indiscernible, both forms have been recorded from Iran [20, 21]. The pipiens biotype feeds mainly on birds, prefer aboveground habitats and frequently found in rural areas [20, 22]. We found similar findings in our research, and this species mostly caught from rural areas with aboveground habitats. In the present study, Shannon and equitability indices show that in RA, Cx. pipiens intensely dominate the rest of the species present in the community. Something similar occurs in the case of UNA, where Cx. theileri develop a strong influence. Passer domesticus, Turdus migratorius, and Zenaida macroura are the most common feeding sources for Cx. pipiens [23]. Culex pipiens are considered as a major vector for USUV in Israel, Spain and Germany [3, 6-8]. Co-occurrence of this virus and WNV in Cx. pipiens have been reported from Europe [5, 7]. The same reservoir and vector for both flaviviruses represent that USUV has the potential to import to other countries where only WNV exists. Therefore, Iran is in threat of entering because WNV has already been reported from the country [12]. Although no study has been conducted to verify the presence or absence of this virus in Iran.
The high temperature accompanied by rainfall is desirable for Cx. pipiens and affect on vector competence to WNV [24]. Temporary water sources are its favor and could explain why this species is related to precipitation [25]. This is similar to the present study. Therefore, water resources are vital for both birds and Cx. pipiens and it may increase the risk of disease transmission [24]. In the present study, we caught this species from March to December and a peak in Aguste was observed, when the mean temperature was 37.1˚C and there was no rain. However, in this research, the presence of irrigation canals had created favorable habitats.
Culex hortensis has been reported as another vector of USUV in Central Europe [19]. This species feeds on both birds (ornithophilic) and reptiles (herpetophilic) [25]. This mosquito tends to grow in permanent water resources, in contrast to the Cx. pipiens species [25]. This is similar to the present study. The two above-mentioned mosquitoes had similar dynamics in Italy [25]. This is in contrast to our study and Cx.hortensis was caught only from July to September. The attempt to isolate WNV from Cx.hortensis in Iran was not successful, but it was detected from Ae. (Och.) caspius [26]. Culex hortensis is an endemic species in Iran, and more studies are needed on its hosting preferences and other behavioral features.
Culex torrentium is an ornithophagous species and involved in the transmission of both WNV and USUV [8, 27]. According to several studies, this species breeding in artificial sites and found it to be more frequent in clean water to turbid breeding sites [28, 29], which is supported by this study. This species may be sharing its larval habitatswith Cx. pipiens [29]. This is similar to this study and similarity was more than 0.9 according to the Jaccard’s index.
Culex perexigus is considered a vector of both WNV and USUV [4]. It is a common species in Iran and breeding in a wide range of places such as seepages, irrigation ditches and temporary ponds [9]. In the present study, it was more frequent in clean and temporary water. Birds are favor for feeding of Cx.perexigus and it is more frequent between June and August in Spain, where both WNV and USUV have been reported [7]. This contrasts with our study, in the present study, Cx.perexigus showed two peaks in June and October, while it was not caught in August and July.
In the end, it can be said that species that have been introduced as a vector of virus are indigenous in Iran. Thus, isolation of the virus from the Fulica atra, other migratory birds, culicid species mentioned above and also Ae. (Och.) caspius is essential.
CONCLUSION
In our research, some possible vectors of USUV were identified. In the present study, Cx. pipiens as the main vector of the disease was more active between May and August. Potential reservoirs and vectors of USUV have been reported from Iran, therefore, the possibility of the emergence of the virus in Iran exists. Biodiversity analysis indicated that species diversity in rural, urban, and uninhabited areas is somewhat similar. Therefore, attention to all areas in vector control programs is essential.
ETHICAL APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
Not applicable.
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
Not applicable
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available at Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences at https://www.bmsu.ac.ir.
FUNDING
This study was financially supported by Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (Project No.: 95-10-001069).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank “Clinical Research Development Center of Baqiyatallah Hospital” for their kind cooperation.
