Operational Experiences and Challenges of the Iranian Red Crescent Operational Team in the Arbaeen Mass Gathering: A Qualitative Content Analysis

Mass Gatherings (MGs) present complex operational challenges for emergency and humanitarian responders. Operational teams of the Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) play a key role in providing health, relief, and logistical services during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. However, environmental, organizational, and sociocultural factors may influence their performance. This study aimed to explore operational challenges experienced by IRCS teams during the Arbaeen mass gathering.

This qualitative study was conducted in 2025 using a conventional content analysis approach. Data were collected through purposive sampling and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 IRCS operational personnel involved in the Arbaeen deployment. Data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s method. Interviews continued until data saturation was achieved. Trustworthiness was ensured in accordance with Lincoln and Guba’s criteria.

Data saturation was achieved after 19 interviews, followed by two additional confirmatory interviews. Analysis yielded 13 subcategories organized into 6 main categories: (1) resource limitations, (2) planning deficiencies, (3) coordination and communication gaps, (4) management system constraints, (5) safety and security challenges for personnel, and (6) sociocultural challenges.

The findings indicate that operational challenges are multi-layered, involving structural, organizational, and contextual dimensions. These challenges interact and affect service delivery capacity during MGs.

This study provides qualitative evidence on operational challenges faced by IRCS teams during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Strengthening scenario-based planning, improving coordination mechanisms, and adopting more adaptive, technology-supported resource management systems are essential to enhancing operational efficiency and resilience at future MGs.