Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Reproductive Health Issue of Adolescents in Rural area, Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the fourth largest population globally with 270.2-million people, and 27.94% is dominated by the adolescent group, thus indicating a promising future for the world’s economy [1]. Adolescents explore their environment; they tend to do things under the influence of their peers and social media. This behavior places them at the risk of early pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and even abortion. A study in the USA revealed that most adolescents, 55% of male and female teens, have had sexual intercourse by the age of 18, and approximately 80% of teens used some form of contraception at first sex. The most common method remained condoms (97%), followed by withdrawal (60%) and pills (56%) [2, 3]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 3 million young girls aged 15-19 go through risky induced abortions each year, and 16 million girls aged 15-19 are delivered every year. These increase the problems associated with pregnancy and delivery, such as unsafe termination of pregnancy [4]. In Indonesia, Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI) and Kementerian Kesehatan (Kemenkes) depicted that 62.7% of adolescents having sexual intercourse before marriage [5]. Indonesian Youth Reproductive Health Survey stated that 29.5% of male adolescents and 6.2% of female adolescents had touched or stimulated their partners, 48.1% of male adolescents and 29.3% of female adolescents had kissed lips, and 79, 6% of male adolescents and 71.6% of female adolescents have held hands with their partners [6]. Besides that, 23.07% of adolescents had been married before 19 years. It imposes a higher risk of teenage pregnancy ending in maternal and fetal complications [7].

Early initiation of adolescent sexual intercourse might be influenced by several factors such as socio-demographic factors, substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and drugs), depressive symptoms (sadness, loneliness, and anxiety), and truancy. Meanwhile, protective factors which can lower this early sexual intercourse include positive attitudes from friends and frequent parental supervision [8-11]. To prevent this problem, sexual health education in school-aged adolescents can be encouraged through positive attitudes regarding gender and reproductive health (RH) issues during puberty based on Indonesia's social and cultural context. Unfortunately, limited access to information and sexuality topics are considered taboo and sensitive subjects in many rural areas of Indonesia; therefore, parents rarely discuss them. It leads parents to be a bit conservative when explaining information related to sexuality to children [12].

Therefore, this study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding RH issues among high school adolescents in rural areas in Indonesia. This study would like to provide information for the development of RH education in that region targeted to adolescents. It also provides health workers with a greater understanding of the adolescents’ actual situation. Finally, it can help stakeholders reduce high-risk adolescent sexual behavior at the community level.

2. METHODS

This is a quantitative, pre-and post-workshop evaluation, cross-sectional descriptive study determining the KAP of adolescents regarding reproductive health issues. It was conducted with all high school students in Mekong 1 High School in Meranti Islands Regency/District, Riau province, Indonesia. Meranti Islands Regency is categorized as a low-income district, left behind, and located on the outermost border of Indonesia by the Ministry of Village and Improvement of Indonesia. The public health administrator has reviewed and approved this study to be conducted with the approval letter.

The researchers used total sampling through distributed questionnaires. There were ten characteristics demographic questions. Meanwhile, to assess the KAP about RH issues, the researchers asked some knowledge, attitude, and practice questions. We adopted and modified the questionnaire from Pasay-an E et al.'s [13] study titled “Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adolescents regarding sexuality and reproductive issues in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. We developed the questions appropriate to Indonesian culture and then performed forward translation and back-translation by experts. In developing and validating the questionnaire, we discussed the topic and questions with a social obstetrician.

The criteria for identifying the location were based on several considerations, such as permission from the local authority and schools’ willingness to participate. The following inclusion criteria were (1) skills in reading, understanding, and writing; (2) submission of the signed written consent from a parent/guardian; and (3) the subject’s willingness to participate. The respondents who did not complete the questionnaire were excluded from this study. All participants' health, well-being, and information are paramount.

The questionnaire consisted of two parts, including (1) demographic information such as sex, age, grade level, number of brothers/sisters, mother and father’s occupation, marriage status of parents, and prior educational status of parents; (2) the questionnaire regarding KAP on reproductive health issues. An 8-item multiple-choice was designed to assess knowledge, giving one mark for every correct answer. The scores were transmuted into a scale within range of 0-0.19 (very low), 0.20-0.39 (low), 0.40-0.59 (fair), 0.6-0.79 (good), 0.80-1.00 (very good). The attitude level was assessed through 9-item and measured with a 4-point Likert scale (1.00-1.74 as strongly agree; 1.75-2.49 as agree; 2.50-3.24 as disagree; and 3.25-4.00 as strongly disagree). The practice level was divided into a 3-point Likert scale (1.00-1.66 as always practiced; 1.67-2.33 as sometimes practiced; 2.34-3.00 as never practiced).

We also did a workshop to educate the students on RH topics with the author (APK) himself as the speaker. For convenience, we separate male and female students in joining the workshop. We gave a 25-minute presentation about RH topics, with 5 minutes of discussion. Before the workshop, we asked the students to fill out the questionnaire, and after the workshop, we re-evaluated their knowledge and attitudes using the same questionnaire. Some gifts were provided for the students to encourage them to participate in the discussion.

A pilot test was conducted with 20 high school students from the different schools and these respondents did not participate in the actual survey. Cronbach’s alpha values were calculated for reliability analysis. For the KAP portion, the RH-issued questionnaire yielded a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.607, 0.619, and 0.856; respectively. After that, descriptive statistics were used for data analysis using SPSS 23.0 for Windows. Normality tests were performed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov for all characteristic demographic data. Descriptive analysis was presented in frequency, percentage, median, and minimum-maximum. Knowledge was distributed into the group of grades and sex; meanwhile, the practice was only divided into sexes. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for the sex group to examine knowledge in the grade level group. To evaluate the pre-and post-workshop evaluation test, we performed the Wilcoxon test. All p-values were 2-tailed, and the accepted level of significance was p < 0.05.

3. RESULTS

There were a total of 182 students in Mekong 1 High School. One hundred forty-four students came and agreed to participate. There were 121 respondents who completed and returned the questionnaire Fig. (1). Table 1 figures out the demographic characteristics of respondents. The proportion of male and female students is similar, and most of them lived with parents (93.4%). Most of the father’s occupation was labor (42.9%) and housewife (89.3%) for the mother.

Tables 2, 4 showed the KAP regarding RH issues among high school adolescents, respectively. The overall median scores of knowledge about RH pre-workshop were low, with median scores of 3. A total of four workshops were done that day, with around 30 students in each workshop. After the workshop given by the general practitioner, there was an increase in overall scores of knowledge to 5 (Table 2). The overall mean scores of attitudes about RH pre-and post-workshop were 2.09 (agree) and 1.90 (agree); respectively (Table 3). For practice, the mean score was 2.20 (Table 4). Only 5 of the 121 respondents (4.1%) had ever had sexual intercourse.

The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to determine the differences among educational levels regarding KAP on RH issues. There were no KAP level differences between grades and age (p>0.05) in pre-and post-test. Mann-Whitney test was performed to determine the difference between sex groups regarding the KAP on RH issues and found out that there were similar levels of the KAP among the sex group (p>0.05) in both pre-and post-test for knowledge and attitude. However, a significant difference is found between sex groups for practices, in which female students tend to discuss sexual-related topics more than male students.

Wilcoxon test was conducted to describe the difference before and after the workshop. The results showed that both knowledge and attitudes regarding RH issues were statistically significant (p<0.05) (Table 5).

4. DISCUSSION

One of the noticeable results was that high school students in the Mekong had insufficient knowledge about RH. Some of them had never heard about contraception or STDs before the study. Pasay E et al. [13] and Zakaria M et al. [14] also found that adolescents tend to have a low level of knowledge about sexuality and RH. Meanwhile, Kibret M [15] found that adolescents in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, had a high level of knowledge. In Indonesia, especially in rural areas, sex is still taboo due to religion and cultural restrictions; thus, parents and teachers are likely to be conservative when explaining the topics [16, 17]. It becomes a challenge for educators to raise RH knowledge since adolescents.

Nevertheless, insufficient knowledge of RH was contradicted by their positive attitude. Most of them showed a positive attitude regarding STDs, prevention of transmission, and unwanted pregnancy. Even though they had a positive attitude toward contraception, most were reluctant and ashamed to buy it. Therefore, the questions asked about abortion and teenage pregnancy was answered negatively. Reproductive health issues were also considered essential among respondents. Their cultural and religious beliefs most likely influenced students' attitudes. In Mekong village, Riau Malay culture and Islam were embedded into the students’ beliefs. Because sexual things are considered taboo, they will be ashamed to buy contraception, reluctant to abort, prefer abstinence to prevent STDs and pregnancy, and look down on pregnant, unmarried women.

Almost all students realized that knowledge about sexual RH was essential; nevertheless, only a few tried to find the information on the internet or discuss it with parents/friends. It showed that their religion and culture influenced their practices. On the other hand, the students never tried to determine information about contraception because most of them had never heard about contraception before. Engaging in a healthy discussion about RH issues is essential since social support such as from parents and friends can provide meaningful relationships and prevent free sex, especially starting from an early age [15]. Parents should become the primary source for RH information [14, 18]. Peer and social media may impose harm by promoting risky sexual behavior and early sex [19, 20]. Meanwhile, social media can help to promote contraception and RH, especially in adolescents. Further studies must be conducted to determine the impact of social media on adolescents’ behavior [21, 22].

Insufficient knowledge about contraception was already known from the study done by Indonesian Health Minister. They revealed that married women aged 15-24 years old in rural areas have the lowest knowledge about contraception methods. Only 63% and 65% of married men know about implants and intrauterine devices, respectively, due to a lack of exposure to information about contraception and RH [7].

In this study, only five students from 121 (4.1%) had sexual intercourse before, whereas three were male and had intercourse with the same gender. This finding was similar to other studies in Indonesia, ranging from 3.8% to 13.1% [16, 23, 24]. Other studies found similar results, such as 11.3% in Brunei Darussalam and 26.4% in Timor Leste [11, 25]. Of the five students having sex, three (60%) respondents had high-risk sexual behavior, such as never using a condom and having intercourse with the same gender. Peltzer K et al. [25] showed that 78% of adolescents in Indonesia engaged in multiple sexual risk behaviors. This issue needs all of us to raise awareness of comprehensive sexual education, especially in Indonesia. Implementing comprehensive sexual education, mental health, and substance use the control is essential in the school curriculum as an intervention program to reduce adolescents' risky sexual behavior [11, 25].

There was no significant difference in KAP in either education level of students or sex. This result is different from Pasay E et al.'s [13] study in the Philippines, in which a higher level of education also had better reproductive health knowledge. This might happen because there was no formal discussion/education about RH issues before and taboo perceptions about sex before marriage. Thus, it is hard for them to obtain correct information about RH. On the other hand, a significant difference was found in practice between male and female students, in which female students were more likely to discuss sexual reproduction topics than male students.

After the workshop, my knowledge and attitude increased significantly. The workshop intervention successfully increased the students’ knowledge and attitude. This could be a recommendation for the local public health centers to hold workshops for sexual health education regularly to increase their knowledge and attitude about this topic. We recommended that the public health administrator cooperates with the local schools from elementary until high school, creating a sex-education workshop once every year with topics on their age. In that case, we could evaluate their improvement, increase their knowledge, and incorporate a solid and good attitude about RH issues. This dismal level of RH knowledge in adolescents should increase the awareness of local and national public health administrators and need an urgent evaluation. Public health administrators should focus more on socializing about RH issues, especially in rural places, to prevent future STDs and other health problems.

The limitation of this study is that the results may not be representative of all adolescents in the Mekong village of Alai district. Some adolescents leave school for elementary school or junior high school. On the contrary, the first study evaluating RH issues among adolescents continued with the workshop as an intervention in rural villages. Furthermore, we cannot evaluate the long-term impact since it was a short workshop session. However, some students were eager about those topics, as shown by discussing the topics further with the speaker and midwife. Future studies should be conducted to evaluate the KAP of adolescents in the Alai district. A study to evaluate different workshops such as seminars, focus group discussions (FGD), or self-learning may be conducted to find the most effective way to deliver this topic to the high school students.

CONCLUSION

The high school students in the rural district have low knowledge, positive attitudes, and poor practices of sexual health reproduction. Cultural and religious beliefs heavily influenced their attitude and practices toward RH issues. There are five out of the 121 students who have ever had sex before. The workshop that has been done significantly increased their knowledge and attitude.

REFERENCES